b

• like b in boy (when preceding a vowel), or
• like p in stop (at the end of a syllable, or before s or t)

c

• c in cat

ch

• like ch in Scottish loch

d

• like d in dog (when preceding a vowel), or
• like t in bet (at the end of a syllable, or before s or t)

f

• like f in fish

g

• like g in gum (when preceding a vowel), or
• like ck in pack (at the end of a syllable, or before s or t)

h

• like h in house

j

• like y in yes

k

• like ck in back, but with less air exhaled

l

• like l in lime, but much lighter

m

• like m in me

n

• like n in nice

p

• like p in pit, but with less air exhaled

r

• rolled/trilled like r in French, but not so strongly

s

• like z in haze (when preceding a vowel)
•  otherwise: like s in sit

sp

• like sh in sheep, but with lips more rounded (when preceding a vowel)

st

• like sh in sheep, but with lips more rounded (when preceding a vowel)

ß, ss

• like s in sit

t

• like t in tape, but with less air exhaled

v

• like f in fake

w

• like v in vest

z

• like ts in pots

a

• short between u in cut and o in cot, but even shorter, or
• long like a in hard

e

• short like e in set, but even shorter, or
• long like a in lane

i

• short like i in bit, but even shorter, or
• long like ee in feet

o

• short like o in hot, but even shorter, or
• long like oa in boat, said with pursed lips
• (ö) like ur in turn

u

• like u in bush, but even shorter, or
• long like oo in boot, said with pursed lips
• (ü ) similar to ew in pew; more like ue in French rue

ai

• like i in pine, but shorter

oi

• like oi in coin, but shorter

au

• long like ou in mouse

French

German

Spanish

Italian

Greek

Dutch

Portuguese